The Voice of the ÒFerrinerÓ: The
Fiction and Film of Adriana Trigiani
By S. Bailey Shurbutt
Shepherd University
Adriana Trigiani: Looking
Back and Becoming a Writer
Sometimes it takes leaving a place to gain a sense of
perspective about its prominence
in oneÕs life and work. Certainly,
in the twenty-five years since Adriana Trigiani moved away from the mountain
home where she grew up in southwestern Virginia, she has come to understand the
rich and diverse nature of her particular heritage. The further she has traveled from those quiet coves and
winding mountain roads, the more vivid her memories have become and the deeper
her understanding of the region and its people. She writes in her best-selling novel Big Stone Gap: ÒSometimes you have to strip away everything to
find what you were in the first placeÓ (250).
Trigiani has thought a good deal about the common
traits and attitudes of the people of Appalachia and of Italy, from where her own
people came. In 1968, her father moved
his family from the very Italian town of Roseto, Pennsylvania, to open a garment
factory in Big Stone Gap, Virginia.
Trigiani recalls, from her six-year-old perspective, thinking the new neighbors
of Big Stone Gap Òwere speaking a foreign language.Ó She didnÕt understand why her teachers were not nuns or why
her classmates didnÕt wear uniforms (Stander 1). However, as the years have carried her a Òfer pieceÓ indeed
from Big Stone Gap, she has come to believe that she shared much in common with
her mountain neighbors. She writes
about the commonality between her Scot-Irish and Italians of Appalachia in an
essay in Blue Ridge Magazine: ÒWe
had much in common with the mountain people—similar stories of hardship
and survival, and ultimately triumph. . . . We shared a work ethic and a desire
to take care of our families. We
shared a love of music, theater and crafts. Local women made gorgeous quilts, in patterns handed down
for generations . . . Ó (82).
As
a young girl in Wise County, Virginia, Trigiani remembers that she knew Òfirst
hand the desperation of poverty and the physical toll that manual labor takes
on workers.Ó She recalls that
nature was to her both the source of extreme beauty and occasionally extreme
tragedy, particularly when the spring floods came or the mountains swallowed up
some of the miners who scavenged out their mineral wealth. She saw both the ravages of
mountain-top removal and the cacophony of mountain color on a misty fall
morning that could take her breath away; and even though she often felt as though
she Òexperienced the life of an outsider,Ó growing up as she did gave her Òa
window to the world and an inner strength.Ó Eventually, Trigiani learned that
Òthere is no such thing as a stranger.
Once you share your stories, it makes way for friendship and common
groundÓ (Blue Ridge Magazine 82).
It
is hard to gain a clear perspective of what life must have been like in Big
Stone Gap, Virginia, for an Italian-American child growing up in the 1970s, without
knowing something about the special town of Roseto, Pennsylvania, where Adriana
Trigiani was born. Roseto, located
in the Lehigh Valley region of extreme eastern Pennsylvania, was and is utterly
unique. The town was settled more
than a hundred years ago by Italian immigrants from Roseto Valfortore, Italy, who
came to America to work in the slate quarries. The people were close-knit and clannish in the best sense of
the word, thriving on strong family values and a rich Italian heritage that
esteemed good friends, good food, good fun, and community pride. In 1965, the town became the focus of
much attention when it was discovered that, though the diets and habits of the
men were programming them for early cardiac problems, the rate of heart-attack
was almost non-existent. The
ÒRoseto Effect,Ó as it was termed, was credited more to the unique sense of
community and support that the Italian families in the community gave each
other than to the Mediterranean diets they might have consumed.
TrigianiÕs
motherÕs family, the Bonicellis, had immigrated from Bergamo and Schilpario,
Italy, while her fatherÕs people had come from a small Italian town on the
Adriatic near Bari. Both grandmothers were craftswomen and
immensely talented—Lucia Bonicelli a designer and seamstress and Viola
Trigiani a garment factory worker and businesswoman. Her grandfather Trigiani, a machinist in a mill, eventually
opened his own sewing factory, a business that her father had followed and that
eventually took the family to Big Stone Gap, Virginia. Hard work and creativity were programmed
into Adriana Trigiani almost before she came into the world. Both her parents loved literature and both
were great readers, her mother a librarian and her businessman father an avid
amateur pianist.
When
she was eighteen, Trigiani left Big Stone Gap to attend St. MaryÕs College in
South Bend, Indiana, majoring in theater.
After graduation, she moved to New York City, where she supported
herself with temp jobs, working as a nanny, a cook, a house cleaner, and
anything else that enabled her to write and work as an actress. She founded a comedy troupe called the
Outcasts, but her big break came in 1988, when she was hired to write for the Cosby
Show spin-off A Different World.
In the mid 1990s, Trigiani began working on a
screenplay that looked back on her years growing up in Big Stone Gap. She took the play to her friend and
later literary agent Suzanne Gluck, who suggested that she turn the play into a
novel. Trigiani went at the task
with her characteristic blaze of energy, writing from 3:00 until 8:00 a.m.,
before leaving at 10:00 in the morning for work at Showtime, where she was
producing LincÕs starring Pam
Grier. In six months she had
finished the manuscript, and she found that she had created not only what would
become a best-selling work of fiction but had discovered a literary genre that
suited her perfectly, enjoying immensely the solitary nature of writing fiction.
Big Stone Gap was eventually published in 2000, and its success
meant that TrigianiÕs life could settle into what has become a pleasant routine
of producing a novel each year, spending time with the promotional details of
being a successful writer, developing screen projects, and devoting time to
family—her daughter Lucia and husband Tim Stephenson, an Emmy-winning
lighting designer for the David Letterman Show.
TrigianiÕs life continues to be structured to an
extraordinary degree. She has said
of her own personal work ethic: ÒEvery part of my day is planned—and I
mean planned. . . . IÕm very
disciplined. Writing is not a job
I do; itÕs the way I live. So
anybody whoÕs in my life knows thisÓ (Stander 2). Though she is a disciplined and relatively fast writer,
TrigianiÕs particular creative process involves long periods of gestation. She said in a 2005 interview: ÒI think
about things for a long time before I write a word. Sudden inspiration works when IÕm shopping, but not when IÕm
writing. ItÕs really a process
that every writer invents anew; thereÕs no manual. I always think of my grandmother Lucia Bonicelli—a
seamstress—who used to say, ÔNo one has to see how many times you rip the
hem out.Õ ThereÕs a lot of ripping
going on . . . before a book is
publishedÓ (Fitzgerald 1-2).
TrigianiÕs method has served her and her readers
well. Her books have regularly been
on the New York Times Bestselling
Books List, and in 2006 Big Stone Gap won the Virginia Library Award and was a PeopleÕs Choice Award
Finalist. In 1996 her documentary
about Roseto, Queens of the Big Time, won the HamptonÕs International Film Festival Audience Award. Her novel Lucia, Lucia was selected as the 2004 Best Read in England and
listed as eighth on the Associated Press List of World Best Sellers, while Rococo was a 2005 Publishers Weekly Fiction Award
finalist. Trigiani and her work have
been featured on the Today Show,
CBS Sunday Morning, and National
Public Radio, her storytelling success in large part inspired from two rich
traditions in her background—her Appalachian connections and her Italian
immigrant roots.
Big
Stone Gap and ÒEverywomanÕsÓ Journey
For all intents and purposes, the four current books
in the Big Stone Gap series—Big Stone Gap (2000), Big Cherry Holler (2001), Milk Glass Moon (2002), and Home to Big Stone Gap (2006)—form a single narrative. They detail the life and times of Ave
Marie Mulligan McChesney, a kind of Italian-American/Appalachian ÒeverywomanÓ
wending her way—stumbling at times—through life and the messy
business of living. Ave MarieÕs
experiences are both unique to her and common to us all, at least in terms of
the milestones that she passes as the booksÕ pages are turned. As her name suggests, Ave Marie is earnest,
passionate, often a bit uptight, and possibly too structured in her life; but she
is always giving and generous, sometimes to a fault. She and the bevy of friends and neighbors that people the
stories are likeable and become, as do the characters in a Jane Austen novel,
our literary friends: among them are the steady and sensitive Jack McChesney
whom Ave marries; her long-time, best gay buddy Theodore Tipton, who often
functions as a moral touchstone when Ave wanders down the wrong path; her spirited
daughter Etta, who is an appealing mixture of her passionate Italian mom and
her practical Scot-Irish dad; her hard-talking, hard-living librarian friend
Iva Lou; her crusty employees Fleeta and young Pearl, whom Ave befriends and gives
her drugstore business to when a perverse aunt lays claim to the pharmacy on
discovering that Ave is not brother Fred MulliganÕs biological daughter. Indeed, if there is any fault in the
novels, it is in the earnest and kind-hearted narrator herself, Ave Marie, who
in struggling to do the right thing, to Òleave behind . . . more good than harm
to the world,Ó as Trigiani writes in Home to Big Stone Gap (297), now and again crosses the line of narrative Òpreachiness,Ó
particularly when she is thinking out loud to TrigianiÕs gentle readers. However, this flaw is a small price to pay for these
memorable and immensely appealing tales and the marvelous humor and good nature
that exudes from the pages of TrigianiÕs books.
The overlapping themes, characters, and storylines of
the Big Stone Gap books complement each other, allowing Trigiani to play one story
off the other in a continuous and interlocking narrative that in the last
volume clearly leaves the door open to further sequels. As we read the books, we are also mindful
of the universal nature of AveÕs experiences, and one finds identifying with
the character as natural as breathing. TrigianiÕs favorite themes concern the
outsider or ÒferrinerÓ; finding oneÕs roots; the dichotomies of choice and
chance and of fate and destiny; the necessity of Òletting goÓ of children,
painful memories, and old grudges; the secrets that each of us possess; and the
difficulty and necessity of coping with change and loss. Trigiani also tackles a number of important
social and environmental issues in the Big Stone books, among them mountain-top
removal.
As the stories and characters interplay from one
volume to another, Trigiani often has occasion to find a resolution for a
particular issue or problem in a succeeding book; thus readers learn to look
for those connections and ÒahaÓ moments.
This feature gives the stories a cleverness and degree of profundity
that makes them appealing to the thoughtful reader. The books also possess some interesting symbols and
narrative strategies, such as the recipes that Trigiani sprinkles throughout
the pages of her later novels.
This wonderful addition to the novels, including the Italian series, Lucia,
Lucia (2003), The Queen of the
Big Time (2004), and Rococo (2005), communicates the sensuous joy of food and the
ethnic premise that food is not merely for sustenance but an epicureÕs accoutrement
and pleasurable accompaniment for the milestone events that mark our lives. In this sense, Trigiani uses food in a
way reminiscent of Julie Dash in the culinary and visual feast Daughters of
the Dust.
When Big Stone Gap opens, Ave Marie is in a state of arrested
development. Unusually close to
her mother, Fiametta, who has died when the story begins, thirty-five and still
unmarried, Ave Marie has lived her life in a community for whom she is both a
figure of prominence as the only pharmacist in the town and also somewhat an
outsider, a ferriner and Eye-talian. A
secret that her mother fortunately did not take to the grave allows Ave Marie to
come to some understanding of who she is and resolve her feelings of never quite
measuring up and not belonging, which her father Fred Mulligan had engendered
into his daughter. Trigiani writes
in Home to Big Stone Gap: ÒThere is no romantic love, no husband, no friend,
no relationship on earth that can fill the void of a motherÕs love lost or a
fatherÕs rejectionÓ (108). Though
Ave Marie had followed in her fatherÕs footsteps, becoming a pharmacist like
him and running the family store, she never felt that she fully pleased him or
that she fit in. Ashamed for her
daughter to learn that Fred Mulligan was not her real father, Fiametta leaves a
letter that allows Ave Marie to discover her family ties and roots in Italy;
and this discovery makes all the difference in her life and explains the
unnatural coldness of Mulligan.
Ave Marie says to Theodore as she begins to come to terms with her
inability to trust and love others: ÒI donÕt know what I want. I have spent my entire life trying to
give everybody else what they want.
IÕm not complaining. I like
to be of service. I find great
purpose in it. . . . Somewhere
along the way, I got sucked dryÓ (Big Stone 155).
Shortly after this revelation, Ave Marie,
overstressed and overworked, simply gives way emotionally and physically,
feinting one evening as she delivers Christmas ornaments to the ladies at the
Dogwood Garden Club. She falls
into what she calls Òthe deep sleep.Ó
Her physical illness, however, is a metaphor for her spiritual crisis—the
deep sleep a signal that she will be reborn, changed from the tentative,
guarded woman she had become, unable to give her heart to another and accept
love. Eventually, thanks to the
selflessness of Jack McChesney, who bungles a proposal of marriage but sells
his new truck so that she can finally go to Italy, Ave is able to travel to the
village of Schilpario where she meets that part of her family long kept secret
from her. She also has the
opportunity to get to know her wonderfully free-spirited, lothario Italian father
who offers her the acceptance and support that Fred Mulligan could never give
her. Mario de Schilpario, like her
uninhibited friend Iva Lou, teaches Ave Marie to take life one day at a time
and to bend occasionally with the wind: ÒLife is a mystery to be lived,Ó Iva
Lou tells her friend, Ònot a problem to be solvedÓ (99). Armed with this new sense of self-awareness
and perspective, she returns to Big Stone Gap to marry Jack McChesney and begin
her life in earnest.
Aside from the vivid characterizations and appealing
storyline, the Big Stone Gap stories have a number of interesting
qualities. One of the most
significant is the way Trigiani shatters traditional stereotypes, both of
Italian-Americans and of Appalachians—no media-made Clampetts and McCoys
here but full and rich characters that make us want to know more of them. If Iva Lou is hot for a fine piece of
lively male flesh, she is also an impeccable clothes horse and the most
well-read person in the valley.
Jack, miner turned construction company owner in the second volume, is
also a superb chef and a wonderfully sensitive dad, even if he doesnÕt always share
his inner-most feelings with Ave Marie as she would like. Many of the novelsÕ symbols make us
aware of the complexity of life and the moral duality and fearful symmetry of
the world in which we live. For
example, the underside of the earth—the mines in which Jack works and which
both nourish and threaten the daily lives of miners and their families—also
presents to Ave Marie and Theodore an extraordinarily beautiful terrain filled
with wonder and mystery. Going
down into a cavern grotto with their friend Ray, they discover a shimmering
palace created from limestone and dolomite. Ray says of the ugly black pool that has drained away
leaving the cavern entrance exposed: ÒYou never do know inside the
mountain. But over the winter, it
started to drain out, so I kept an eye on it. And when all the water done drained off, this is what was at
the bottom.Ó Ray shines the light
on the lavender sand and glittering walls, ÒIt wasnÕt something ugly [no more]Ó
(251).
Big
Cherry Holler picks up Ave
MarieÕs story eight years after she and Jack have married. Theodore has come ÒoutÓ and moved on,
from local high school band director to University of Virginia music director,
and Ave Marie has given the pharmacy to Pearl. When the book opens, Ave and Jack are in a crisis in their
marriage, attempting to rebuild their lives after the death of their young son
Joe from leukemia. The book
focuses on friendship and love and coping with lifeÕs inevitable changes and
sometimes tragedies. While this
novel provides closure for some of the issues presented in Big Stone Gap, the fourth book in the series, Home to Big Stone Gap, seems to offer closure for Big Cherry Holler and the central idea of this volume—coming to
terms with the death of a child.
Jack tells Ave Marie, long after Joe has died and Etta has married and
moved to Italy to live, that now he understands why they had children: Ò[M]ost
of it,Ó Jack says, Òis really good.
And if grief is the price you pay for whatÕs really good, it is well
worth it. . . . Etta was joy, and Joe—Joe was the sadness. And both of them, for as long as we had
them here, made me a better manÓ (84, 301).
Big Cherry Holler also presents a motif that Trigiani will bring to
fruition and closure in the third book of the series Milk Glass Moon, which focuses on the mother daughter relationship:
the idea of Òletting goÓ of our children and the interesting dichotomy that to
the extent that we let them go, we are privileged to keep them. The closeness of Fiametta and Ave Marie,
which poses some of the problems Ave must overcome in the first volume of
self-discovery, has a very different dynamic in the next two volumes in terms
of the relationship between Ave Marie and Etta. Etta is a high-spirited blend of her Italian and Appalachian
parents, and the way is not always easy for either mother or daughter. It is on another of those propitious
journeys to Italy that the lives of both Etta and Ave Marie are altered, for
the precocious pre-teen meets a young Italian, Stefano, whom she declares to
her mom she will one day marry—while Ave Marie forms a friendship with an
American businessman, Pete Rutledge, who comes dangerously close to awakening feelings
that marital troubles with Jack had just about closed down.
Each
of the books utilizes the literary convention of the archetypal journey. Trigiani uses the journey as a catalyst
for change, growth, and reconciliation in her books. Ave Marie travels to Schilpario in Big Stone Gap in order to discover who she is, to Italy again in Big
Cherry Holler to learn that she and
Jack must reconnect after the death of their son and that their marriage is
worth salvaging, and again to Italy in Milk Glass Moon for Etta to find her own destiny and so that Jack
can discover a softer and more creative side to himself in his love for cooking. Finally, in the Home to Big Stone
Gap volume, Ave and Jack journey to
Scotland after Jack has had a serious illness, and he has the opportunity to
come to terms with his own Scottish heritage and Appalachian roots. The journey then in TrigianiÕs books
always functions both as narrative machinery and as an emblem for
self-discovery; thus all of the books have a bildungsroman dimension or heroic coming of age quality that gives
them a degree of universality.
The
final books in the series, Milk Glass Moon and Home to Big Stone Gap,
complete TrigianiÕs theme of Òletting goÓ and explore the dichotomies of choice
and chance and fate and destiny, as well as offering closure to the theme of
secrets that the author has threaded throughout the books. These ideas work in concert in these
last books of the series to portray the postmodernist flavor of TrigianiÕs
writing. Certainly, the fatalistic
outlook of both the Celtic and Italian heritage lend themselves nicely to
TrigianiÕs analysis of lifeÕs strange twists and turns. Likewise, the journey and search for
oneÕs identity also contribute to the postmodernist aspects to the novels and
remind one of the stories of Toni Morrison and Margaret Drabble.
The very first scene in Milk Glass Moon takes us to the Wise County Fair, where Ave Marie
has her fortune read from tarot cards.
The fortune-teller sets up TrigianiÕs debate concerning the relationship
between chance and choice.
Ave Marie references this magical moment again toward the end of the
book when she says: ÒA long time ago I went to a fortune-teller, and she told
me that when you have a dream come true, you must then redream. You must not stay in the past. Because all of life changes anyway, and
if you try to hang on to happiness or success or even the people in your life,
you will be unhappyÓ (216). This
is perhaps one of Ave MarieÕs hardest lessons to learn since her daughter Etta
means everything to her. Adjusting
to EttaÕs decision at eighteen to forego college in America, to marry Stephano
and remain in Italy, an ocean and a continent away from Big Stone Gap, becomes
a formidable challenge for the overly protective and strong-willed mother. But adjust she does. Change is inevitable in life, though we
cannot always understand lifeÕs mysteries and strange turns. On the night when Jack, Etta, and Ave
Marie are out in the yard looking at the Òmilk glass moon,Ó that smoky and
silver haze of moon that comes on rare occasions in late fall to the
mountains, the three—who
will soon be just two—lie on the ground, crossing their arms under their
heads and watch the sky. Ave Marie
wistfully shares with Etta and Jack:
ÒI like the constellations because theyÕre fixed. Like tonight. You canÕt see any stars because of the clouds. And when the moon is full and thereÕs a
lot of light, it overpowers the sparkle of the stars . . . . But theyÕre there.
. . . They stay the sameÓ (104). Ave Marie and Jack, however, reconcile themselves to the fact
that life, that people, even those closest to one, do not stay the same.
When Ave Marie thinks to herself about the secrets
that she has kept from her daughter and her husband, she is foreshadowing the essential
narrative machinery of Home to Big Stone Gap, the 2006 contribution to the series. Ave Marie muses to herself in Milk Glass Moon, after Etta has asked some questions about Pete
Rutledge that come just a bit too
close to old wounds and buried emotions: ÒLike every woman, I have secrets,
moments really, that are just for me.
ItÕs a way for me to stay a whole and private person while being a part
of my familyÓ (127). Ave MarieÕs motherÕs
secret about her real father, a secret which drives the plot of Big Stone
Gap and in some respect touches each
of the succeeding novels, finds a clever resolution in Home to Big Stone Gap. This
time Ave MarieÕs free-spirited friend Iva Lou has a secret, involving a daughter
given up for adoption long years ago before she moved to Wise County, Virginia.
When her daughter, Lovely Carter, whom
she has never seen, shows up one day in Big Stone Gap to find out about her
mother and some answers about her life, Iva LouÕs guilt and Ave MarieÕs hurt
feelings that she wasnÕt told the secret work as a wedge between the two women,
one that almost brings an end to their long friendship. Theodore, who has now wended his way to
New York City as a successful art and stage designer, does his usual to cut
through the layers of Ave MarieÕs doubts and illusions in order to help the two
women heal their rift. The
contrast between Iva LouÕs choice and FiamettaÕs is TrigianiÕs way of suggesting
that every woman must decide for herself what is best in such a situation, and
no one solution is right for all; choice is always an individual matter.
The other important issue presented in Home to Big
Stone Gap involves JackÕs health and
gives Trigiani an opportunity to comment on an environmental issue important to
anyone with affection and concern for the mountains of
Appalachia—mountain-top removal.
Both black lung and heart disease are the legacies that Jack has
inherited, and his brush with mortality prompts him to create a Òbucket listÓ
that Ave Marie is determined to help him achieve. One of the items on the list is to travel to Scotland, and
when Theodore informs Ave that the University of Virginia is looking for a
house swap for a Scottish playwright they are trying to lure to the area,
JackÕs wish is fulfilled. The six
weeks that Jack and Ave Marie spend in Aberdeen, Scotland, and the friendship
Jack forms with their neighbor Arthur will alter JackÕs life. After health problems determined
that Jack could no longer work in construction or go back into the mines, he is
courted and offered a job by a smooth-talking mining official who wants to use
him and his good reputation in the community to convince his Wise County neighbors
that the newer technologies of strip mining make this a viable and economically
sound alternative to closing the mines.
Ave Marie has talked herself blue against the project, and the
friendship she forms with a young university environmentalist, Randy, who has
been gathering biological data to use against the project, only makes her more certain
of JackÕs mistake to work again for the mines. Arthur convinces Jack that everything we do makes an impact
on the world around us, and Jack tells Ave Marie that if one lives long enough,
Òif you make it to eighty, you realize that the only priceless gift you can
leave behind is that you did more good than harm to the world you live inÓ
(297). Jack decides to quit his
new job with the mines, and Ave is more convinced than ever that there is some
kind of method to the universal madness, to the chaos of life, some force of
destiny that works its will, along with our individual wills, to construct each
personÕs everyday reality. Ave
muses on her way back from driving Theodore to the airport when their Christmas
visit ends: Ò[I]tÕs hard to believe that twenty years ago Theodore was the band
director. Harder still to believe
that Elizabeth Taylor choked on a chicken bone [referencing a real-life event
that occurs in Big Stone Gap],
thus giving Theodore a shot at the big time. He didnÕt squander itÓ (172). Indeed, those serendipitous moments that come our way by
chance become profoundly life-changing only when we somehow seize the moment
with our own will to create a reality for ourselves.
Lucia,
Nella, Bartolomeo: Three Italians in America
Between TrigianiÕs third and 2006 Big Stone Gap book
come three entertaining novels set in New York City and Roseto, Pennsylvania, all
focusing on Italian-American life and continuing many of the themes developed
in the Big Stone series: Lucia, Lucia (2003), The Queen of the Big Time (2004), and Rococo
(2005). Both Lucia, Lucia and The Queen of the Big Time are inspired by TrigianiÕs two grandmothers—the
first by Lucia Bonicelli, whom Trigiani remembers as a Òwonderful designer and
seamstress,Ó and the second by Viola Trigiani, who worked in a garment factory
and was a Òcrack businesswomanÓ (Adrianatrigiani.com Interview 1). Both were strong Italian women,
hardworking, ambitious, talented; and both had stories that were worthy of
recasting into imaginative narratives as Trigiani has done.
Lucia, Lucia, inspired by her maternal grandmother, is a book
about making oneÕs dreams come true and about the gap between appearances and reality,
and the glitter that sometimes deceives. The setting takes us back to the 1950s when the road for an
ambitious woman was paved with obstacles and detours. Trigiani has constructed a narrative ÒframeÓ
that consists of a younger woman, Kit Zanetti, a writer who befriends an older
lady living in her apartment building, Lucia Sartori. In the course of their friendship, Lucia shares her story
and her dream to be a clothing designer in New York City. LuciaÕs profession becomes a metaphor
for the superficial glitz of the world of haute cỏuture, a world that likewise reveals the art and skill
that transforms the mundane and everyday into something lovely. At one point in the story, LuciaÕs father,
who does not quite approve of the mysterious entrepreneur, John Talbot, who has
swept his daughter off her feet, tells Lucia: ÒYou are too enamored of the
surface. You like his clothes and
his lifestyle, the ease of it.
This is a weakness in you, but it is also your talent. You make beautiful garments, and you
have an eye for beauty. But you
have a way,Ó he adds recalling how his daughter who works in the special design
department of B. AltmanÕs Department Store could transform the most uncomely
matron into a thing of beauty, Òof covering flaws with skillÓ (155).
In the end, her fatherÕs wisdom proves painfully
accurate as Lucia is deceived by Talbot.
He is not what he appeared, and when he leaves her literally waiting at
the church on the day of their wedding, the pain and disappointment are
palpable—a disappointment that remains with her the rest of Lucia
SartoriÕs life. However, unlike DickensÕ
Miss Habersham, LuciaÕs life is not wasted and twisted, though it does not turn
out as she had dreamed and hoped.
Fate and destiny present to Lucia the possibility for the successful design
career she dreamed of, but family loyalty and responsibility trump her dreams. TrigianiÕs wonderful metaphor for the
Òcrass casualtyÓ of happenstance working its will in our lives is found in the so-called
Òfamily curseÓ that LuciaÕs brothers blame for her unhappy love relationships. In reality, however, LuciaÕs life has
been determined by the limitations of her times and her own value system—as
chance and choice ultimately shape oneÕs destiny.
The Queen of the Big Time takes us back in time, to Roseto, Pennsylvania in
the 1920s. The book tells the story
of Nella CastellucaÕs close-knit Italian family and traces the coming of age of
this strong-willed, passionate Italian-American woman and her desire to fulfill
the American dream and to belong to a community with a rich and vibrant
heritage. Roseto is a town like no
other—the Italian families who live there are hard-working, proud, and loyal,
and it is NellaÕs dream to be one of them, though she considers herself an
outsider, living as she does on the familyÕs Delabole farm many miles from
town. Nella knows that an
education is her ticket to a better life; but as bright and capable as she is, circumstance
and fate deem that she and sister Elena go to work in the local factory, when her
father is injured in a slate mine accident and the family is faced with losing
their farm. Though NellaÕs is a
story about broken dreams and accommodating to lifeÕs disappointments, like Lucia,
Lucia Trigiani writes about the
success that sometimes comes with failure and the failure that too often follows
success.
At the end of the book—long after she has lost
one love and found another, given up her dream of college, and struggled to
achieve the American Dream of middle-class prosperity for her family—Nella
has an epiphany in a confrontation with her daughter Celeste. Celeste, who has experienced as many
advantages as her mother had disadvantages, has just turned twenty and is
planning a November wedding. A few
nights before the wedding, Nella tells Celeste how beautiful she is, and her
daughter replies, ÒYou never say it.Ó
ÒWhat do you mean?Ó answers Nella, as she defends her hard work to
provide for her family who, in a single generation, have gone from Òthe cowshed
to Garibaldi Avenue.Ó Nella tells
her daughter: ÒWhat you come from is who you are—itÕs your starting
place. To come from nothing and
make something of yourself, to provide for a family, is no small feat.Ó Celeste, however, replies that theirs
was hardly a family since both mother and father were always busy with work. ÒI barely had a meal with you,Ó the
daughter tells her mother, going on to add that she will not finish college
after she marries: ÒWhat is the point in getting a degree when I have no
intention of leaving my children?Ó
Nella replies that she never left Celeste and son Frankie. Celeste ends the conversation by
asserting: ÒYou didnÕt have too—you werenÕt here in the first place. Ask Frankie. IÕm not the only one who felt abandonedÓ (217-218).
Rococo is a story about
forgiveness, renewal, and a delightfully dysfunctional Italian-American
family—told with the raucous humor and energy unlike any of TrigianiÕs
other books. The tale revolves
around the remodeling of the Church of Our Lady of Fatima, an edifice that is
the center of this very Italian and Catholic Jersey community just across the
river from New York City.
Bartolemeo de Crispi is a decorator, an artist, who dreams of restoring
the church, which becomes a metaphor for revisioning the community, while at
the same time retaining those fundamentally important traditions and common
ties that bind both family and community. B., as he is known to family and friends, takes on as
his assistant his nephew and name-sake Two, for whom he has served as a kind of
father figure since the break-up of his sister TootÕs marriage to the
philandering Lonnie. Two has
dropped out of college and come out about his sexual orientation, while almost
everyone else in the family is suffering through some similar catastrophe
and/or traumatic life-event.
A
plethora of problems abound . . . when B. attempts to finish the church and the
funding source for the remodeling project unexpectedly is withdrawn, when his
sister Toot ends her affair with Sol the plumber whose personal ÒplumbingÓ inconveniently
wonÕt work, when she then proceeds to have an affair with Lonnie, to her kidsÕ
horror, and one family catastrophe leads to another. The humor is lovely, loud, and delightful in this
rollicking comedy.
What, however, the story comes down to is, first,
about the pleasure that beautiful things give us. Bartolomeo, the narrator of Rococo, tells us that he Òmay pray in Our Lady of Fatima
Church, but I do my worshipping in the House of ScalamandreÓ (47). At another point, B. asserts to his
assistant Eydie who has asked why he became a decorator in the first place: ÒI
donÕt like ugly. That, and I come
from a family that believes itÕs criminal to remove the clear protective
wrapping from a lamp shadeÓ (99).
Second and most important, Rococo is about family—even
wonderfully, wacky dysfunctional families. When Toot learns that son Nicky has impregnated his
girlfriend Ondine, of whom Toot has never quite approved, B. tells his sister:
ÒYou cannot, you must not, destroy your family over NickyÕs situation. Nothing is as important as family. Nothing. No country, no church, no cocktail ringÓ (115).
B.
utters what must be TrigianiÕs most important belief about family, however, when
he says at the end of the book, after Two confesses that he is gay: ÒFor me,
the definition of family is that group of people who love you for everything
you are, regardless of what they think of itÓ (261). When Trigiani ends the book with a lovely dues ex machine
that saves the remodeling of the
Church and B.Õs job, it is clear that she has also revisioned the family as
well as the community, and has shared with us all the discovery that in this
wide and diverse world there really are no ÒferrinersÓ—just Òfamily.Ó
Works Cited
Fitzgerald,
Carol. ÒInterview.Ó June 24,
2005. Online @
http://www.brkreporter.com/authors/au-trigiani-adriana.asp#view040715.
1-8.
Stander,
Bella. Interview with Adriana
Trigiani. June/July. 2001. Online @
http://bellastander.com/writer/adriana.htm.
1-3.
Trigiani,
Adriana. Blue Ridge Country.
January/February 2008: 82.
____________. Big Cherry Holler. NY:
Ballantine Books, 2001.
____________. Big Stone Gap. NY:
Ballantine Books, 2006.
____________. Home to Big Stone Gap. NY:
Random House, 2006.
____________. Milk Glass Moon. NY: Ballantine Books, 2002.
____________. Lucia, Lucia. NY:
Ballantine Books, 2005.
____________. The Queen of the Big Time. NY:
Ballantine Books, 2005.
____________. Rococo. NY:
Ballantine Books, 2006.
Trigiani
Interview. Online @ http://www.adrianatrigiani.com/faq/html.
1-4.